Core Principle
•Publicly funded research data should remain publicly available, subject only to compelling superseding considerations and policies
• Fair prior use by principal investigators,
• Protection of confidentiality and privacy,
• National security, and
• Respect for intellectual property rights.
The National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine and the American Association for the Advancement of Science gave a joint statement in the same House discussion on database protection (Lederberg 1999). “Thus, freedom of inquiry, the open availability of scientific data, and the open publication of results are cornerstones of our research system that US law and tradition have long upheld”. Hence, full and open access to data is the basic principle for  many scientific institutions in the U.S. Lederberg, citing the Bits of Power report (NAS 1997), defined full and open as follows: “by full and open we mean that data and information derived from publicly funded research are made available with as few restrictions as possible, on a non-discriminatory basis, for no more than the cost of reproduction and dissemination”.